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Lecturer(s)
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Bilbija Branka, Mgr. Ph.D.
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Bártová Eva, doc. MVDr. Ph.D.
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Literák Ivan, prof. MVDr. CSc.
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Papoušek Ivo, Mgr. Ph.D.
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Course content
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Lectures 1. Introduction to the study of biology. General, molecular and cell biology. The essence of life, general characteristics and organization of living systems, hierarchical systems. Holobiotic systems. History of biology, J. E. Purkyně. Biology at the beginning of the 21st century and development trends 2. Chemical composition of living systems. Life and cell hypotheses, replicative ribozyme hypercycle. Period of carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen. Elemental and substance composition of bioplasm, water, biopolymers (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids). Proteomics 3. Cell theory, cell as a system, flow of substances, energy, information. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Cell structures. Evolution of eukaryotic cells (endosymbiotic theory). Non-cellular life forms 4. Cell memory system, genetic information. Structural gene, genes for rRNA, tRNA, non-gene regions of DNA. Genome, gonophores, plasmids, eukaryotic, prokaryotic (mitochondrial, chloroplast, nuclear) chromosomes. Expression of genetic information. Transcription, translation. Posttranscriptional modifications. Epigenetics 5. Posttranslational modifications of proteins. Ubiquitination. Regulation of gene expression. RNA-silencing, siRNA. Replication of genetic information. Correction of mistakes in DNA. Transposition, transposons (prokaryotes, eukaryotes - retroelements), repetitive DNA 6. Methods of molecular biology: DNA isolation; enzymes in molecular biology; amplification of DNA segments by PCR - principle and use; restriction analysis. Separation methods - gel electrophoresis. Sequencing - principle and application. Basic methods of proteome analysis 7. Chromosome theory of heredity. Morphology and characteristics of chromosomes, genomes, genes, and alleles. Cytogenetics, numerical and structural aberrations of chromosomes. Mendelism and non-Mendelism. Quantitative genetics. Heterosis. Population genetics 8. Energy, catalysis, biosynthesis. Cell energy acquisition, photosynthesis, respiration. Activated carrier molecules. Catabolism. Principle of energy acquisition in mitochondria and chloroplasts, chemiosmotic couplings. 9. Cell membrane system. Lipid double layer. Membrane synthesis. Membrane proteins. Plasma membrane amplification. External cell protection. Transfer of substances across membranes. Passive transport, active transport. Transport membrane proteins. Intracellular compartments and vesicular transport. Endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis. Lysosomes 10. Cytoskeletal principle of the cell. Cytoskeleton. Intermediate filaments. Microtubules. Centrosome. Actin fibres. Molecular motors (kinesins, dyneins, myosins). Actin-dependent cell movement, muscle contractions. Cytoskeleton in bacteria 11. Cell signalling. Signal forms. Types of extracellular signals (hormones, cytokines, neurotransmitters). Intracellular signalling cascade (in general). Types of receptors on the cell surface and intracellular signalling pathways. G-protein-coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors. Ras protein 12. Cell cycle. Cell cycle phase. Mitosis, meiosis, cytokinesis. Cell cycle regulation. Cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell cycle arrest, cell ageing. Regulation of the number of cells in a multicellular organism. Types of programmed cell death. Apoptosis, cell necrosis. Cell differentiation, gene regulation of ontogenesis. 13. Basics of evolutionary biology. Development of evolutionary theories, Ch. Darwin, a modern synthetic theory of evolution. Basic mechanisms of evolution, development of genetic information, natural selection. Microevolution, speciation, macroevolution. Man as a source of evolutionary change. Practicals - in zobrazit.
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Learning activities and teaching methods
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Lectures, Laboratory and desk-based work
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Learning outcomes
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The course aims to unify and expand the students' secondary school knowledge of biology to establish a solid foundation of this discipline which will be the basis for further study of applied veterinary sciences. It is focused on general, molecular, and cellular aspects of biology and evolutionary biology, in practicals mainly on microscopy and the basics of working with DNA.
Theoretical knowledge The student can: - describe the nature and organization of living systems and the principle of holobiotic systems, explain the chemical composition of living systems, describe hypotheses about the origin of life and cells, explain cell theories and describe non-cellular life forms. - explain the replication of genetic information and the expression of genetic information, including their regulation, characterize genophores and genome (gene and non-gene part of the genome), explain chromosome theory of inheritance and explain the basics of cytogenetics, classical genetics, and population genetics, - describe individual methods of molecular biology (DNA isolation, amplification of DNA segments by PCR, restriction analysis, gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing, basic methods of proteome analysis), - explain the energy acquisition by the cell, photosynthesis, respiration, especially the importance of ATP and the principle of energy recovery in mitochondria and chloroplasts, chemiosmotic couplings, - characterize and describe the details of the membrane and cytoskeletal system of the cell, describe cell signalling, describe and explain extracellular signalling and intracellular signalling pathways, - describe the cell cycle and its regulation, characterize cell proliferation and differentiation as well as types of programmed cell death, - describe and explain the development of evolutionary theories and the basic mechanisms of evolution, including the current human influence on evolutionary changes of global scope. Practical skills The student can: - microscope with a light microscope, can focus, work with depth of field and can determine the size (measure) of the observed object, can make a blood smear and stain it, make a bacteriological smear and stain and evaluate it according to Gram, can determine the blood group, - isolate DNA, perform PCR (polymerase chain reaction), evaluate the number and size of amplified DNA sections using electrophoresis, - design and evaluate a hybridization experiment with drosophila (Drosophila melanogaster) to verify the validity of the rules of inheritance in the field of classical genetics (Mendelism). Competences The student is able to: - use the acquired knowledge and skills when studying other subjects in the field of basic subjects: histology, zoology and botany, - study of follow-up subjects in the field of pre-clinical: especially for the study of microbiology, biochemistry and physiology, - perform PCR in a number of subsequent subjects, where this reaction is used as part of practical teaching, - work effectively as a member of a team and take part in self-audit.
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Prerequisites
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unspecified
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Assessment methods and criteria
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Oral exam, Oral credit test
Credit requirements: - attendance at practicals according to the syllabus - theoretical preparation for seminars (knowledge check at the beginning of seminars) - passing 2 component tests according to the syllabus and assessment of acquired skills Exam requirements: - participation in the exam is conditional upon an awarded credit - the exam is oral and students answer exam questions. The student randomly picks two questions from a question set that they receive at the start of the semester (area A - primarily cell biology, area B - primarily genetics). The student gets a maximum of 30 minutes of preparation time in which they prepare a written answer to the questions. An additional question or questions may be asked by the teacher. At the end of the examination, the examiner evaluates the answers and gives the student a final grade (the student is informed about the grade immediately after the examination). Should the student fail, they are given information on resits.
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Recommended literature
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&. Alberts et al.: Základy buněčné biologie. 2001, Espero Publishing, Ústí nad Labem. Nečas O a kol.: Obecná biologie. 2000, H a H, Jinočany. Šmarda J.: Genetika pro gymnázia. 2003, Fortuna Praha. Rosypal S.: Úvod do molekulární biologie 1-3. 1999-2000, Brno (Rosypal - vlastní náklad). Raven P.H., Johnson G.B.: Biology, 4. vydání. 1996, WBC/Times Mirror Company Weaver R.F., Hedrick P.W.: Genetics, 3. vydání. 1997, WCB/Mc Graw-Hill, USA. . &, &.
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ARMSTRONG, Joseph E. Collier, Glen E. Basic Biology.. Waveland Press, 1989., 1989.
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Bártová, Roubalová. Handbook for biology and genetics practical courses. Brno, 2009.
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